Last revised 9/11/09
BIO 2108K
You may have noticed (!) that there is a voluminous amount of information about each group of organisms in your textbook. To help you organize that information for efficient learning, we have prepared this guide. You should be able to compare and contrast each group, and report on how they are unique and thus why they are in a group, and how that group differs from others. Also be able to comment on the probable evolutionary history- who was the ancestor and/or most closely-related group(s)?
CATEGORIZATION OF ORGANISMS
Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
Kings Play Chess; Others Frequently Get Stoned
King Philip Crossed Over From Germany to Sweden
Killer Peril Conquers Organisms Failing to Get Spacesuits
KINGDOM PLANTA
Classification characters for plants
Gas Exchange – Stomata?
Internal Transport – Vascular Tissue?
Morphology – Leaves or Roots?
Growth Habit – Size specifically – Vascular Tissue for structural support & internal transport?
Reproduction - Sexual structures specifically
Linked to standing water for movement of male gametes?
Spores?
Motile Gametes?
Pollen?
Cones?
Flowers?
Fruits?
LAND PLANT PHYLA (ALSO KNOWN AS DIVISIONS)
Non-vascular plants
HEPATOPHYTA (Liverworts) Thin cuticle & Rhizoids
ANTHOCEROPHYTA (Hornworts) Thin cuticle, Rhizoids, Stomata
BRYOPHYTA (MOSSES) Thin cuticle, Rhizoids, Stomata, Heptoids & Leptoids
Vascular plants
Seedless plants- Vascular tissue, no well-defined roots or leaves
Club Mosses- Microphylls
Euphyllophytes- Megaphylls
Pteridophytes (horsetails, whisk ferns, most ferns) Seed plants
Gymnosperms (cycads, gnetophytes, gingko, conifers)- pollen, cones, seeds
Angiosperms
Amborella
Star Anise
Water Lilies
Magnoliidae
Monocots
Eudicots
COMMON GROUPINGS OF PLANTS
LIVERWORTS, HORNWORTS, AND MOSSES
The “Bryophytes”, or “Non-tracheophytes” or “Non-vascular plants”.
Motile male gametes limit them to moist habitats in order to achieve fertilization
Lack of vascular tissue limits
size due to absence of structural support & internal transport capacity
WHISK FERNS, HORSETAILS, AND FERNS
The “Tracheophytes” – due to vascular tissues. Also called the “Seedless Vascular Plants”
Vascular tissues enable increased height & size
Motile male gametes limit them to
moist habitats in order to achieve fertilization
THE GYMNOSPERMS (CONIFERS, GINKGO, CYCADS, GENTOPHYTES)
The “Tracheophytes” – due to vascular tissues.
Also called “Seed Plants” due to the seed formation
Male gametes are formed within
pollen, which is transported by wind
THE ANGIOSPERMS or FLOWERING PLANTS.
Three Major Classes
Magnoliids
Monocotyledons
Eudicotyledons
Male gametes are formed within pollen
Flowers evolved to facilitate sexual reproduction (pollen exchange)
Seeds, which are marvelously adapted for reproduction on land
Fruits evolved to facilitate seed dispersal
KINGDOM FUNGI
SHARED CHARACTERISTICS
Heterotrophs
Feeding by Absorptive Nutrition
Chitin in Cell Walls
FUNGAL PHYLA (ALSO KNOWN AS DIVISIONS)
ASCOMYCOTA
BASIDIOMYCOTA
CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA
ZYGOMYCOTA
UNIQUE ASPECTS OF SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
ASCOMYCOTA
Single-cell ascospores produced in ascus; ascus can be displayed in or on ascocarp (fruiting body).
BASIDIOMYCOTA
Singe-cell basidiospores produced in basidium; basidium are displayed on basidiocarp (fruiting body).
CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA
Meiosis occurs in the sporangium produced by the sporophyte (2N) phase of the life-cycle. Motile male and female gametes produced by mitosis in the gametangia of the gametophyte (1N) phase of the life-cycle fuse to form a diploid zygote, which re-establishes the sporophyte (2N) phase.
ZYGOMYCOTA
Single-cell zygospores are produced within a zygosporangium.
Uni- or multicellular?
Symmetry radial or bilateral?
Number of germ layers
Deuterostome or Protostome?
Cleavage Pattern (radial, spiral, discoidal, bilateral, or rotational)?
Cleavage determinate (mosaic) or indeterminate (regulative)?
Embryonic stages- similar to other groups? Sessile or motile?
True Coleom (tube in tube)? If so, schizocoelous or enterocoelous formation?
Segmented?
Systems
___a. Nervous system: Dorsal or ventral nerve cord? Centralized?
___b. Reproduction: Sexual or asexual or both? How?
___c. Gas exchange: Mode of respiration? Circulatory system? Open or closed?
___d. Digestion: How is food acquired and made usable?
___e. Excretion: How are solid and nitrogenous wastes eliminated?
Protostomes in general have spiral, determinate cleavage, schizocoelous coelom formation.
Deuterostomes in general have radial, indeterminate cleavage and enterocoelous coelom formation.
SUBKINGDOM Metazoa (Multicellular animals)
PHYLUM Porifera (Sponges)
PHYLUM Cnidaria
CLASS Hydrozoa (Hydras)
CLASS Scyphozoa (Jellyfish)
CLASS Anthozoa (Sea Anemones, corals)
PHYLUM Ctenophora (Comb Jellies- no polyps, no budding)
Protostomes
Lophotrochozoans (spiral cleavage)
PHYLUM Platyhelminthes (acoelomate flatworms, first Bilateria)
CLASS Turbellaria (free-living)
CLASS Trematoda (liver flukes)
CLASS Cestoda (tapeworms)
CLASS Monogenea (external parasites)
PHYLUM Rotifera
Lophophorates
PHYLUM Ectoprocta (Bryozoans-colonial, most marine)
PHYLUM Brachiopoda (solitary, marine)
PHYLUM Phoronida (sedentary worms)
PHYLUM Pterobranchia (sedentary, tube-dwelling)
Spiralians
PHYLUM Nemertea (ribbonworms)
PHYLUM Annelida (segmented coelomate worms)
CLASS Polychaeta (marine segmented worms)
CLASS Oligochaeta (earthworms, tube worms)
CLASS Hirudinea (leeches)
CLASS Vestimentiferans (deep thermal vent dwelling)
PHYLUM Mollusca
CLASS Monoplacophora
CLASS Polyplacophora (chitons)
CLASS Bivalvia (clams, mussels)
CLASS Gastropoda (slugs, snails)
CLASS Cephalopoda (squid, octopus, cuttlefish, nautilus)
Ecdysozoans (molting of external skeleton)
PHYLUM Kinorhyncha
PHYLUM Priapulida
PHYLUM Chaetognatha (unsegmented arrow worms)
PHYLUM Nematomorpha (unsegmented horsehair worms)
PHYLUM Nematoda (unsegmented roundworms)
Arthropoda
PHYLUM Onychophora
PHYLUM Tardigrada (water bears)
PHYLUM Trilobita (extinct Trilobites)
PHYLUM Chelicerata (chelicerae, no antennae)
CLASS Pycnogonida (sea spiders)
CLASS Merostomata (horseshoe crabs)
CLASS Arachnida (spiders, ticks, mites, scorpions)
PHYLUM Crustacea
CLASS Decapoda (shrimp, crabs, crayfish, lobsters)
CLASS Isopoda (sow bugs)
CLASS Amphipoda (sand fleas)
CLASS Copepoda
CLASS Cirripedia (barnacles)
CLASS Malacostraca (5 head 8 thorax + 6 abdomen segments, telson)
PHYLUM Uniramia
SUBPHYLUM Myriapoda
CLASS Chilopoda (centipedes)
CLASS Diplopoda (millipedes)
SUBPHYLUM Insecta (insects)
CLASS Apterygota no wings
CLASS Pterygota wings
Deuterostomes
PHYLUM Echinodermata
SUBPHYLUM Pelmatozoa
CLASS Crinoidea (sea lilies, feather stars)
SUBPHYLUM Eleutherozoa
CLASS Echinoidea (sea urchins, sand dollars)
CLASS Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers)
CLASS Concentricycloidea (sea daisies)
CLASS Asteroidea (sea stars)
CLASS Ophiuroidea (brittle stars)
PHYLUM Hemichordata (acorn worms)
PHYLUM Chordata
SUBPHYLUM Urochordata (tunicates)
SUBPHYLUM Cephalochordata (lancelets)
SUBPHYLUM Vertebrata
SUPERCLASS Agnatha (ostracoderms, lampreys, hagfishes; jawless)
SUPERCLASS Gnathostomata (jaws)
CLASS Placodermi (extinct early jawed fishes)
CLASS Chondrichthyes (cartilagenous fish- sharks, skates, rays)
CLASS Osteichthyes (bony fish)
SUBCLASS Teleosteii (Ray-finned fishes)
SUBCLASS Crossopterygia (Lobe-finned fishes)
SUBCLASS (Lungfishes)
Tetrapoda
CLASS Amphibia (frogs, salamanders)
ORDER Gymnophiona (caecilians)
ORDER Anura (frogs and toads)
ORDER Urodela (salamanders
Amniota
CLASS Reptilia (polyphyletic!)
SUBCLASS Squamata (lizards, snakes, dinosaurs)
SUBCLASS Sphenodontida (tuataras)
SUBCLASS Chelonia (turtles and tortoises)
SUBCLASS Crocodylia (alligators, crocodiles, caimans, gharials)
CLASS? Pterosaurs
SUBCLASS? Dinosaurs
SUBCLASS Aves (birds)
ORDER Passeriformes (Passerine birds)
CLASS Mammalia (derived from synapsids --> therapsids
SUBCLASS Prototheria
ORDER Monotremata (egg-laying, monotremes)
SUBCLASS Theria (no cloaca, live birth)
INFRACLASS Marsupiala (marsupials)
INFRACLASS Eutheria (“true” mammals)
ORDER Primates
SUBORDER Prosimii (lemurs, lorises, bush babies)
SUBORDER Anthropoidea (monkeys, apes and humans)
INFRAORDER Platyrrhini (New World monkeys)
INFRAORDER Catarrhini (Old World monkeys, apes, hominids)
SUPERFAMILY Cercopithecoidea (Old World monkeys)
SUPERFAMILY Hominoidea (apes and humans)
Hylobatidae (lesser apes)
Hominidae
Ponginae (great apes)
Homininae (humans, via ardipithecines then australopithecines)