Sample Bibliography for a Sourcebook
(on the topic "Ape Language")

This bibliography illustrates the two dimensions - horizontal with a variety of media and vertical with a variety of text technicality and register - that can be tapped in compiling a sourcebook on a particular topic. Coding refers to relative level of technicality as follows:

(H) = Higher; highly technical
(M) = Moderate
(L) = Lower, less technical

It is not the intention that learners will read or view all these sources. Rather, such an extensive list provides learners with options for their own exploration of the topic and provides instructors with a cache of material for use in the development of exercises and activities that exploit the sourcebook topic.

Early Research

Chimp human chit chat. (1969, February). Science Digest, 73-74. (L)

Discourse with an ape. (1969, January). Scientific American, 50. (M)

The education of Sarah. (1970, September 21). Time, 51-52. (L)

Ford, B. (1970, May). How they taught a chimp to talk. Science Digest, 10-17. (L)

Gardener, R.A., & Gardener, B.T. (1969). Teaching sign language to an ape. Science, 165, 664-672.

Kellog, W.N. (1968). Communication and language in the home-raised chimpanzee. Science, 172, 423-427. (H)

No thanks, said the ape. (1971, December 20). Newsweek. 101. (L)

Premack, A.J., & Premack, D. (1971, October). Teaching language to an ape. Scientific American, 92-99. (M)

Premack, D. (1970, September). The education of Sarah. Psychology Today, 54-58. (M)

Premack, D. (1971). Language in a chimpanzee? Science, 172, 808-822. (H)

Sarah language? Learn. (1971, January). Scientific American, 44-45. (M)

Later Research

D'Aulaire, E. & D'Aulaire O. (1975, October). The ape that "talks" with people. Reader's Digest, 94-98. (L)

Hans, Sherman and Austin (1978, November). Scientific American, 83, 86. (M)

Patterson, F. (1981, December). Koko, the articulate gorilla. Ms., 43-44, 46, 48. (L)

Savage-Rumbaugh, E.S., Rumbaugh, D.M., Smith, S.T., & Lawson, J. (1980). Reference: The linguistic essential. Science, 210, 922-925. (H)

Sherman to Austin: Pass the bananas. (1978, August 19). Science News, 117-118. (M)

Zuckerman, E. (1977, June 16). You talkin' to me? Rolling Stone, 45. (L)

Controversy

Ape language controversy flares up. (1980). Science, 207, 1330-1333. (H)

Are those apes really talking? (1980, March 10). Time, 50. (L)

Begley, S. & Carey, J. (1979, December 31). Apes no use language. Newsweek, 66. (L)

Bindra, D., Patterson, F.G., & Terrace, H.S. (1981). Ape language. Science, 211, 313-314. (H)

Duncan, S. (1979, December 3). Nim Chimpsky and how he grew. New York, 78-86. (M)

Greenberg, J. (1980, May 10. Ape talk: More than pigeon English? Science News, 298-300 (M)

Johnson, G. (1995, June 6). Chimp Talk Debate: Is It Really Language? The New York Times, C1. (M)

Patterson, F. (1981). Can an ape create a sentence? Some affirmative evidence. Science, 211, 86-87. (H)

Premack, D. (1985). "Gavagai!" Or the future history of the animal language contoversy. Cognition, 19, 207-296. (H).

Premack, D., & Woodruff, G. (1978). Chimpanzee problem solving: A test for comprehension. Science, 202, 532-535. (H)

Savage-Rumbaugh, E.S., & Rumbaugh, D. (1979). Chimpanzee problem comprehension: Insufficient evidence. Science, 202, 1201-1202. (H)

Terrace, H.S. (1979, November). How Nim Chimpsky changed my mind. Psychology Today, 65-76. (M)

Terrace, H.S., Petitto, L.A., Sanders, R.G., & Bever, T.G. (1979). Can an ape create a sentence? Science, 206, 891-902. (H)

Thompson, C.R., & Church, R.M. (1980). An explanation of the language of a chimpanzee. Science, 208, 313-314. (H)

The trouble with ape studies. (1979, November). Psychology Today, 63. (M)

Websites (a sampling)

Ape Communication Studies http://www.fortunecity.com/greenfield/twyford/73/studies.html

Chimpanzee and Great Ape Language Resources on the Internet http://www.brown.edu/Departments/Anthropology/apelang.html

The Chimpanzee and Human Communication Institute http://www.cwu.edu/~cwuchci/

The Language Research Center http://www.gsu.edu/~wwwlrc/biographies/apebiographies.html

Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center http://www.emory.edu:80/WHSC/YERKES/

Supporting Resources - Books

Blum, D. (1995). The monkey wars. Oxford: Oxford University Press. (Won Pulitzer Prize)

Laidler, K. (1980). The talking ape. New York: Stein and Day. (M)

Linden, E. (1986). Silent partners: The legacy of the ale language experiments. New York: Times Books. (M)

Patterson, F. Koko's kitten. New York: Scholastic Books, 1985. (L)

Patterson, F. Koko's story. New York: Scholastic Books, 1987. (L)

Patterson, F., & Linden, E. (1981). The education of Koko. New York: Holt Rinehart & Winston. (M)

Premack, A.J. (1976). Why chimps can read. New York: Harper & Row. (H)

Rumbaugh, D.M. (1977). Acquisition of linguistic skills by a chimpanzee. New York: Academic Press. (H)

Rumbaugh, D.M. (1977). Language learning by a chimpanzee. The Lana project. New York: Academic Press. (H)

Savage-Rumbaugh, S., & Lewin, R. (1994). Kanzi: The ape at the brink of the human mind. New York: John Wiley & Sons. (H)

Sebok, T. A., & and Umiker-Sebok, J. (Eds.) (1980): Speaking of apes: A critical anthology of two-way communication with man. New York: Plenum Press. (H)

Terrace, H.S. (1979). Nim: A chimpanzee who learned sign language. New York: Knopf. (H)

Supporting Resources - Videotapes & films

Gardner, A., & Gardner, B. (Producers). (1973). Teaching sign language to the chimpanzee, Washoe (Film). (Available from Psychological Cinema Register)

Savage-Rumbaugh, S. (Producer). (1986). Ape language: From conditioned response to symbol (Videotape). (Available from Penn State University Media Sales)

Schroeder, Barbet (Producer). (1978). Koko, a talking gorilla (Film). (Available from New Yorker Films.

WGBH Educational Foundation- Knowzone Series. (1987). Can we talk to the animals? (Videotape). (Available from WGBH-TV, Boston)

WGBH Educational Foundation, Nova Series. (1976). The first signs of Washoe. (Available from WGBH-TV, Boston)

WGBH Educational Foundation, Nova Series. (1984). Signs of the apes, Songs of the whales (Videotape). (Available from WGBH-TV, Boston)

WGBH Educational Foundation, Nova Series. (1994). Can chimps talk? (Videotape). (Available from WGBH-TV, Boston)

Supporting Resources - Novels and popular films

Boulle, P. (1963). Planet of the apes. New York: Vanguard Press.

Crichton, M. (1979). Congo. New York: Knopf.

Kennedy, K., Mercer, F. (Producers), & Marshall, F. (Director). (1995). Congo (Film). (Available from Fox)

Lawrence Lasker, L, Parkes, W.F. (Producers), & Kaplan, J. (Director). (1987). Project X (Film). (Available from American Entertainment Partners)

Schaffner, F.J. (Producer/Director), & Jacobs, A.P. (Producer). (1968). Planet of the Apes (Film). (Available from Fox) (There are also four sequels and a remake scheduled for 2001)